Montana wildlife: Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA.

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Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USAPronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA

Harvest time in Montana: Red peppers and tomatoes from our garden, Montana, USA.

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Red peppers and tomatoes from our garden, Montana, USA

Montana wildlife: Pronghorn buck (Antilocapra americana) foraging, Montana, USA.

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Pronghorn buck (Antilocapra americana) foraging, Montana, USA

Montana wildlife: Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) buck, Montana, USA.

Second image down below:  Pronghorn seem to have eyes in the back of their head.  Their large eyes result in a 320 degree field of vision.

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Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) buck, Montana, USA

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) buck with eyes in the back of his head, Montana, USA

Montana outdoor life: Kayaking with friends on on Flathead Lake.

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Marcel Huijser, Bethanie Walder, Carla Abrams, Julie Mae Muiderman and Cacy Celver, with Kayaks, Finley Point State Park, Flathead Lake, Montana, USA

Road ecology blog: Median of wildlife underpass, SR 260, Little Green Valley East underpass, SR 260, Arizona, USA.

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Median of wildlife underpass, SR 260, Little Green Valley East underpass, SR 260, Arizona, USA

Road ecology blog: Approach of gabion wall to culvert to protect against erosion from flashfloods, Arizona, USA.

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Approach of gabion wall to culvert to protect against erosion from flashfloods, Arizona, USA

Road ecology blog: Wildlife fence does not connect to the ground, Arizona, USA.

Wildlife fence does not connect to the ground, Arizona, USA. Some medium sized mammals may be able to crawl under the fence. Fences require monitoring for erosion, fallen trees and other issues that may result in openings in the fence that allow wildlife to access the fenced road corridor.

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Wildlife fence does not connect to the ground, Arizona, USA

Road ecology blog: A one-way gate designed to allow wildlife to escape from the fenced road corridor, Arizona, USA.

One way gates are sometimes used to allow large mammals that are stuck inside the fenced road corridor to escape to the safe side of the fence. The metal bars are spring loaded, so they will close automatically after the animal has pushed itself through. Currently wildlife jump-outs or escape ramps seem to be recommended instead by road ecologists. One-way gates can injure the animals, especially if the metal bars are not protected with plastic knobs (much like tennis balls). One-way gates can also become two way gates; elk are known to bend the metal bars so that the gate is permanently open for two way wildlife traffic.

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A one-way gate designed to allow wildlife to escape from the fenced road corridor, Arizona, USA A one-way gate designed to allow wildlife to escape from the fenced road corridor, Arizona, USA

Road ecology blog: Bat boxes under bridge, S.R. 260, Arizona, USA.

Many bridges are now equipped with bat boxes where they can roost.

More info on the how highway and traffic affect bats and how bat boxes can help can be found at this website.

There is also a manual available on bats and bridges from that website.

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Bat boxes under bridge, S.R. 260, Arizona, USA

Roadkilled elk (Cervus canadensis) with passing car, Arizona, USA.

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Roadkilled elk (Cervus canadensis) with passing car, Arizona, USA

Road ecology blog: Warning sign, Strong winds possible, high profile vehicles left lane next mile, US Hwy 93, Hoover dam bypass, bridge across Colorado River, Nevada, USA. Tall median barriers protect against head-on collisions and strong winds.

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Warning sign, Strong winds possible, high profile vehicles left lane next mile, US Hwy 93, Hoover dam bypass, bridge across Colorado River, Nevada, USA Warning sign, Strong winds possible, high profile vehicles left lane next mile, US Hwy 93, Hoover dam bypass, bridge across Colorado River, Nevada, USA Tall median or Jersey barriers to protect against wind and head-on collisions, US Hwy 93 bypass bridge, Hoover dam, Nevada, USA

Road ecology blog: viewshed through multi barrel culverts, Arizona, USA.

This culvert was likely designed to pass water. The walls between the cells or barrels much affect the "openness" or viewshed when looking through the structure. It only allows for a very narrow field of view (see second image below). Should a structure be intended for multiple uses, including wildlife, then a single barrel, or a bridge with a better viewshed or openness is much preferred over a multi-cell or multi-barrel culvert.

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Box culvert with 4 cells (or barrels), US Hwy 93, Arizona, USA Box culvert with 4 cells (or barrels), US Hwy 93, Arizona, USA