Rocky Mountain birds: Trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USA.

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Trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USATrumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USA Trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USATrumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USA Trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USATrumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), Wyoming, USA

Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The area was settled in the 1870s and converted from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species. Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Click here for further information.

The images below were made during a site visit by Dr. Débora C. Rother of the Departamento de Ecologia, UNESP - Rio Claro - SP Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Esalq/USP - Piracicaba, Brazil.

Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre.

Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre.

Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre.

Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre. Restoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, YellowsRestoration of Lands on the Gardiner Basin Winter Range, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. The
area was settled in the 1870s and converted
from native vegetation to cropland and non-native grasslands. The area was acquired by the park in the 1930s. However, the habitat further degraded through the planting and seeding of non-native crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum) and other non-native invasive species.
Restoration efforts were initiated in 2008. The efforts consist of 1. maximizing weed
control using chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques; 2. site preparation using a barley/winter wheat cover crop to hold and decompact soil, provide competition with weeds, stimulate soil biota, and increase soil organic
material; 3. fencing to exclude ungulate use during site preparation through native seed
planting/ germination/ establishment; and 4. drill seeding native seeds at a rate of 16-22 lbs per acre.

Road ecology blog: Gap between right-of-way fence and wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Click here for images of wildlife fencing.

Click here for images of multifunctional underpasses.

Click here for images of wildlife underpasses.

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Gap between right-of-way fence and wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAGap between right-of-way fence and wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Gap between right-of-way fence and wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAGap between right-of-way fence and wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA End of wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAEnd of wildlife fence to allow for easy access and maintenance in right-of-way, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Click here for other images of Rocky Mountain landscapes and vegetation.

Some large format prints (limited edition) are now for sale at Freshwater Studio & Gallery in Missoula, Montana.

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Bright green algae (Cyanidium sp.), Norris geyser Basin, YellowsBright green algae (Cyanidium sp.), Norris geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

Algae (Cyanidium sp.), Norris geyser Basin, Yellowstone NationalAlgae (Cyanidium sp.), Norris geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

Debora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, WyomDebora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, Wyoming, USA Debora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, WyomDebora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, Wyoming, USA

  Debora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, WyomDebora Rother (Brazil) experiences snow for the first time, Wyoming, USA

Road ecology blog: Riprap at wildlife fence to reduce erosion at wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Click here for more images of erosion and erosion control measures.

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Riprap at wildlife fence to reduce erosion at wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USARiprap at wildlife fence to reduce erosion at wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Riprap at wildlife fence to reduce erosion at wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USARiprap at wildlife fence to reduce erosion at wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Road ecology blog: Sign, posted, no trespassing, at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA.

Click here for images of wildlife fencing.

Click here for images of multifunctional underpasses.

Click here for images of wildlife underpasses.

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Sign, posted, no trespassing, at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USASign, posted, no trespassing, at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Sign, posted, no trespassing, and erosion at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USASign, posted, no trespassing, and erosion at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Sign, posted, no trespassing, and erosion at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USASign, posted, no trespassing, and erosion at entrance and exit of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Montana wildlife: Bison (Bison bison) in dust baths, Montana, USA.

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Some large format prints (limited edition) are now for sale at Freshwater Studio & Gallery in Missoula, Montana.

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Bison (Bison bison), Montana, USABison (Bison bison), Montana, USA

Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA. This is the second of the three underpasses in this road section. It is a bridge that is about 8 ft (2.4 m) high and 24 ft (7.3 m) wide. There are separate bridge structures for the two travel directions with a very large opening in the median.

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Click here for images of wildlife underpasses.

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Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Image below: Tight connection (no gap) between last fence post and the wall of the underpass.

Tight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USATight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Images below: Wildlife fence funnels wildlife movements towards the crossing structure

Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Images below: there are two bridges -one for each travel direction - with a very large opening in the median that allows for light and moisture in the underpass.

Opening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAOpening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Opening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAOpening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Opening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAOpening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Opening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAOpening in median to allow light and moisture in the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), Montana, USA.

Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), Montana, USAArrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), Montana, USA

Road ecology blog: Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

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Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Road ecology blog: Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA.

This highway was recently upgraded from a 2-lane highway to a 4-lane highway. Part of the highway isolates Eglin Air Force Base Wildlife Management Area (west side of highway) and the private nature reserve Nokuse Plantation (east side of the highway). A 1.6 mile (2.6 km) long road section has wildlife fencing on both sides of the highway, and there are three wildlife underpasses within this fenced road section (completed in 2012).

Below are images of the most southern underpass; a 10 ft (3 m) box culvert. The wildlife fencing keeps medium and large mammals off the highway and it guides them to the safe crossing opportunity. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and black bear (Ursus americanus) are among the likely target species. Note that the wildlife fence has a very tight connection to the walls of the box culvert. This helps keep animals out of the fenced road corridor where they may be hit by vehicles. There is also a pond near the east side of the wildlife underpass. This can help attract wildlife to the area near the underpass and it may encourage them to explore and use the underpass.

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Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA   Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA    Wildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAWildlife fence (smaller mesh size towards bottom) funnels wildlife towards wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Images below: Tight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Tight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USATight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Tight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USATight connection (no gap) between last fence post and wall of the wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Image below: Pond (water) near entrance of wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Pond (water) near wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAPond (water) near wildlife underpass, Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA

Road ecology blog: Erosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA.

Note that the first erosion control fence near the top of the slope (black fence), is intended to slow down the initial erosion. However, it is only partially successful and it appears to concentrate water and erosion in some places. The runoff with water and sediments then continue downhill and end in an alluvial fan at the stream. The yellow silt and turbidity barrier is submerged - one section is even buried under the sediments - where the alluvial fan meets the stream. This indicates that the water and sediments running down the hill are too much for the yellow silt and turbidity barrier to handle; the runoff with sediments and potential pollutants still end up in the stream with pretty high velocity.

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Erosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAErosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Erosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAErosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Erosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAErosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Anti-erosion fabric at construction site of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAAnti-erosion fabric at construction site of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA Erosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USAErosion control at stream at construction of new bridge in association with highway widening (4 lanes to 2 lanes), Hwy 331, Hwy 83 near Freeport, Florida, USA