Montana wildlife: Pronghorn does and young bucks (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA

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Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USAPronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA

Montana wildlife: Bison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring, Montana, USA.

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Bison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring, Montana, USABison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring, Montana, USA

Montana wildlife: Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA

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Some large format prints (limited edition) are now for sale at Freshwater Studio & Gallery in Missoula, Montana.

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Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USAPronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Montana, USA

Road ecology blog: Wildlife warning sign, Watch for wildlife on roadway next 51 miles, US Hwy 89, near Gardiner, Montana, USA

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Click here for additional images of bison outside of Yellowstone National Park in the Gardiner Basin.

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Wildlife warning sign, Watch for wildlife on roadway next 51 miles, US Hwy 89, near Gardiner, Montana, USAWildlife warning sign, Watch for wildlife on roadway next 51 miles, US Hwy 89, near Gardiner, Montana, USA

Rocky Mountain landscapes: Windswept snowfields on mountain in late winter, Wyoming, USA

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Windswept snowfields on mountain in late winter, Wyoming, USAWindswept snowfields on mountain in late winter, Wyoming, USA

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Road ecology blog: Wildlife warning sign, Bison on road, next 5 miles, US Hwy 89, northern edge of Gardiner, Montana, USA

Having bison on and along a highway outside of the Park comes with its challenges. Posted vehicle speed and operating speed (actual vehicle speed) are higher than in the Park, and bison are very large and heavy. This exposes both people and bison to a greater risk of collisions. On the other hand, we - as a society - find free ranging livestock, including cattle and horses, acceptable in many areas throughout the west. In fact, according to the law in some states, the driver is to blame when he or she hits cattle or horses that are on the road in such areas. Drivers cannot sue the livestock owner for damages, bodily harm or unlawful death, but instead drivers have to reimburse the livestock owner for the death or injury of the livestock. In this context, the size and weight of bison and their possible presence on and along highways is not unique and therefore not the primary reason for why bison would not be allowed to roam free outside the Park.

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Wildlife warning sign, Bison on road, next 5 miles, US Hwy 89, northern edge of Gardiner, Montana, USAWildlife warning sign, Bison on road, next 5 miles, US Hwy 89, northern edge of Gardiner, Montana, USA

Bison (Bison bison) being herded back towards Yellowstone National Park in spring 2014, between Gardiner and Yankee Jim Canyon, Montana, USA. Bison are the only native wildlife species not allowed to roam free in the region. However, since April 2011 bison are allowed to wander outside the Park north of Gardiner in the Gardiner Basin up until Yankee Jim Canyon in winter and early spring (until 1 May). There is limited fencing at Yankee Jim Canyon (about 13 mi north of Gardiner) in combination with cattle guards on Highway 89 (east side Yellowstone River) and The Old Yellowstone Trail S (a dirt road, west side Yellowstone River). This gives the bison access to about 75,000 acres (30,000 ha) of critical winter range. With a higher than average snow year there were many hundreds of bison (perhaps even more) in the area north of Gardiner in April 2014. This illustrates that the Parks contains mostly summer habitat and that bison and other wildlife also depend on lower elevation areas outside the Park, especially in high snow years.

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Bison (Bison bison) being herded back towards Yellowstone National park, between Gardiner and Yankee Jim Canyon, Montana, USABison (Bison bison) being herded back towards Yellowstone National Park, between Gardiner and Yankee Jim Canyon, Montana, USA. Bison are the only native wildlife species not allowed to roam free in the region. However, since April 2011 bison are allowed to wander outside the Park north of Gardiner in the Gardiner Basin up until Yankee Jim Canyon in winter and early spring (until 1 May). There is limited fencing at Yankee Jim canyon in combination with cattle guards on Highway 89 (east side Yellowstone River) and The Old Yellowstone Trail S (a dirt road, west side Yellowstone River). This gives the bison access to about 75,000 acres of critical winter range.

Bison (Bison bison) being herded back towards Yellowstone National park, between Gardiner and Yankee Jim Canyon, Montana, USABison (Bison bison) being herded back towards Yellowstone National Park, between Gardiner and Yankee Jim Canyon, Montana, USA. Bison are the only native wildlife species not allowed to roam free in the region. However, since April 2011 bison are allowed to wander outside the Park north of Gardiner in the Gardiner Basin up until Yankee Jim Canyon in winter and early spring (until 1 May). There is limited fencing at Yankee Jim canyon in combination with cattle guards on Highway 89 (east side Yellowstone River) and The Old Yellowstone Trail S (a dirt road, west side Yellowstone River). This gives the bison access to about 75,000 acres of critical winter range.

Road ecology blog: Wildlife jump-out or escape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA. This particular jump-out is about 163 cm (5 ft 4 inches) high. Animals that are caught in the fenced road corridor can walk up the ramp to the height of the fence and jump down to the safe side of the fence. Theoretically the jump-out is high enough that animals on the safe side of the fence do not jump up into the fenced road corridor.

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Wildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USAWildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA. This particular jump-out is about 163 cm (5 ft 4 inches) high. Wildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USAWildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA. This particular jump-out is about 163 cm (5 ft 4 inches) high. Wildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USAWildlife jump-out of eascape ramp, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA. This particular jump-out is about 163 cm (5 ft 4 inches) high.

Montana wildlife: Bison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring against the setting sun, Montana, USA.

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Bison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring, Montana, USABison (Bison bison) grazing in early spring, Montana, USA

Road ecology blog: Gate next to double wide cattle guard, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA

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Gate next to double wide cattleguard, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USAGate next to double wide cattleguard, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA

Montana wildlife: Line of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the landscape, Montana, USA.

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Line of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the landscape, Montana, USALine of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the landscape, Montana, USA

Road ecology blog: Multifunctional underpass for water, and at times, for livestock, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA.

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Multi-functional underpass for water, and at times, for livestock, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USAMulti-functional underpass for water, and at times, for livestock, US Hwy 191, North of Daniel Jct, near Pinedale, Wyoming, USA

Rocky Mountain wildlife: Coyotes (Canis latrans) in snow in winter, Wyoming, USA.

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Coyote (Canis latrans) in the snow, Wyoming, USACoyote (Canis latrans) in the snow, Wyoming, USA

Coyote (Canis latrans) in the snow, Wyoming, USACoyote (Canis latrans) in the snow, Wyoming, USA